Antonyms
An
antonym is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings. Each word in the pair
is the antithesis of the other. A word may have more than one antonym. There
are three categories of antonyms identified by the nature of the relationship
between the opposed meanings. Where the two words have definitions that lie on
a continuous spectrum of meaning, they are gradable antonyms. Where the
meanings do not lie on a continuous spectrum and the words have no other
lexical relationship, they are complementary antonyms. Where the two meanings
are opposite only within the context of their relationship, they are relational
antonyms.
Gradable
antonyms
A
gradable antonym is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings where the two
meanings lie on a continuous spectrum. Temperature is such a continuous
spectrum so hot and cold, two meanings on opposite ends of the spectrum, are
gradable antonyms. Other examples include: heavy, light; fat, skinny; dark,
light; young, old; early, late; empty, full; dull, interesting.
Complementary
antonyms
A
complementary antonym is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings, where
the two meanings do not lie on a continuous spectrum. There is no continuous
spectrum between push and pull but they are opposite in meaning and are
therefore complementary antonyms. Other examples include: dead, alive; off, on;
day, night; exit, entrance; exhale, inhale; occupied, vacant; identical,
different.
Relational
antonyms
A
relational antonym is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings, where
opposite makes sense only in the context of the relationship between the two
meanings. There is no lexical opposite of teacher, but teacher and pupil are
opposite within the context of their relationship. This makes them relational
antonyms. Other examples include: husband, wife; doctor, patient; predator,
prey; teach, learn; servant, master; come, go; parent, child.
Examples of Antonyms
:
o absent – present
o abundant –
scarce
o accept –
decline, refuse
o accurate –
inaccurate
o admit – deny
o advantage –
disadvantage
o against – for
o agree – disagree
o alive – dead
o all – none,
nothing
o ally – enemy
o always – never
o ancient – modern
o answer –
question
o antonym –
synonym
o apart – together
o appear –
disappear, vanish
o approve –
disapprove
o arrive – depart
o artificial –
natural
o ascend – descend
o attic – cellar
o attractive –
repulsive
o awake – asleep
o backward –
forward
o bad – good
o beautiful – ugly
o before – after
o begin – end
o below – above
o bent – straight
o best – worst
o better – worse,
worst
o big – little,
small
o bitter – sweet
o black – white
o blame – praise
o bless – curse
o bold – meek,
timid
o borrow – lend
o borrow – lend
o bottom – top
o bound – unbound,
free
o boundless –
limited
o boy – girl
o brave – cowardly
o bright – dim,
dull
o brighten – fade
o broad – narrow
o build – destroy
o calm – windy,
troubled
o can – cannot,
can’t
o capable –
incapable
o captive – free
o careful –
careless
o cheap –
expensive
o cheerful – sad,
discouraged, dreary
o clear – cloudy,
opaque
o clever – stupid
o clockwise –
counterclockwise
o close – far,
distant
o closed – ajar,
open
o clumsy –
graceful
o cold – hot
o combine – separate
o come – go
o comfort –
discomfort
o common – rare
o compulsory –
voluntary
o conceal – reveal
o contract –
expand
o cool – warm
o correct –
incorrect, wrong
o courage –
cowardice
o courteous –
discourteous, rude
o create – destroy
o crooked –
straight
o cruel – kind
o dangerous – safe
o dark – light
o day – night
o daytime –
nighttime
o dead – alive
o decline –
accept, increase
o decrease –
increase
o deep – shallow
o definite –
indefinite
o demand – supply
o despair – hope
o dim – bright
o disappear –
appear
o discourage –
encourage
o diseased – healthy
o down – up
o downwards –
upwards
o dreary –
cheerful
o dry – moist, wet
o dull – bright,
shiny
o dusk – dawn
o early – late
o east – west
o easy – hard,
difficult
o empty – full
o encourage –
discourage
o end – begin,
start
o enter – exit
o even – odd
o expand –
contract
o export – import
o exterior –
interior
o external –
internal
o fade – brighten
o fail – succeed
o false – true
o famous – unknown
o far – near
o fast – slow
o fat – thin
o feeble – strong,
powerful
o few – many
o find – lose
o first – last
o float – sink
o fold – unfold
o foolish – wise
o for – against
o fore – aft
o forget –
remember
o fortunate –
unfortunate
o found – lost
o free – bound,
captive
o frequent –
seldom
o fresh – stale
o friend – enemy
o full – empty
o generous –
stingy
o gentle – rough
o get – give
o giant – tiny,
small, dwarf
o girl – boy
o give – receive,
take
o glad – sad,
sorry
o gloomy –
cheerful
o go – stop
o good – bad, evil
o grant – refuse
o great – tiny,
small, unimportant
o grow – shrink
o guest – host
o guilty –
innocent
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